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"Baud" is a unit of measure for the speed of communication, specifically for the number of signal units per second in a communication system. It is named after the French engineer Émile Baudot, who developed a teleprinter system.

The maximum baud rate for a communication system is determined by several factors, including the technology used, the bandwidth available, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the channel. In practice, the maximum baud rate is also limited by the need to encode data efficiently and to ensure that the signal can be received with a low error rate.

For example, in a simple on-off keying (OOK) system where a signal can be either on or off, the baud rate is the same as the bit rate. However, as the complexity of the modulation scheme increases, more information can be transmitted with each signal unit, allowing for a higher bit rate for a given baud rate.

The theoretical maximum baud rate is limited by the bandwidth of the channel, according to the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, which states that the maximum baud rate is approximately equal to twice the bandwidth of the channel. However, in practical systems, the maximum baud rate is often much lower due to the need for error correction, protocol overhead, and other practical considerations.

In modern communication systems, baud rates can range from a few hundred baud for low-speed data links to several gigabaud for optical fiber communication systems. The highest baud rates are typically achieved in laboratory experiments or specialized applications where very high data rates are required.